Nutritional Sciences Research Method class(the effects of physical Proposal

Nourishing Sciences Method class(the impacts of physical movement and calcium consumption on bone mineral thickness (BMD) in Saudi ladies dependent on DXA estimations) - Research Proposal Example 200, 30-50 years of age Saudi ladies will be selected inside Jeddah or Riyadh and screened to bar lactating, pregnant moms and moms with kidney, skeletal, menstrual brokenness and any related issue. Approved food recurrence survey explicit to calcium will be utilized to evaluate utilization of dairy items at gauge and at 9 months. Subjects will record their activity exercises, both weight bearing and none weight bearing that they would have occupied with all the time for at any rate 2 months. BMD will be evaluated by Dual vitality x-beam absorptiometry (DXA). Information will be dissected by Statistical Package for Social Sciences rendition 6 (SPSS, v.6). A 3-way ANOVA, bunch time-calcium admission will be utilized to decide potential impacts of association in BMD between preparing mode and dietary calcium from standard to 9months while factual hugeness will be set at p Low Bone Mass Density is a skeletal issue that is described by decreased quality of an individual bone’s thickness therefore results into diminished quality inclining a person to an expanded danger of crack. Diminished bone mass thickness can be less serious and extraordinary extreme relying upon the phase of the confusion and can be named osteopaenia which is less extreme or osteoporosis which is increasingly serious. Osteoporosis and osteopaenia which are described by diminished BMD are a sign of reduction, basic crumbling just as loss of network inside the bone tissue coming about into expanded

Nike, Inc. Case Study

Nike Valuation At North Point Group we accept we have built up the equation for contributing achievement. As you most likely are aware superior to anybody, our Large-top store has surpassed every single imaginable desire as of late as it beat the S&P 500 by 30% concerning returns in 2000 and has proceeded with the pattern into 2001; as of the finish of June 2001 it has just created returns of 6. 4% while the S&P 500 has kept on battling delivering an arrival of - 7. 3%. We accept these outcomes are made conceivable by our â€Å"workhorses† of the market as we like to call them. For those of you that don’t know these â€Å"workhorses† are our possessions in organizations that have been there through the historical backdrop of present day America. These organizations are those, for example, 3M, General Motors, McDonalds, and ExxonMobil, which have experienced the numerous exciting ride type rises and falls that characterizes our nation’s economy and has used these encounters to flourish and develop step for step with our country. We are here today to share and talk about our ongoing discoveries as we continued looking for another competitor deserving of speculation from our Large-Cap Fund. The organization initially named â€Å"Blue Ribbon Sports,† now Nike Inc. has grabbed our eye. At first known for their athletic presentation shoes, Nike has formed itself into a brandishing decent and clothing beast while keeping up their control in the athletic shoe division in the course of the most recent fifty years. In 1997, Nike arrived at the highest point of their game as far as income, when they detailed $9 billion in incomes in their yearly report; be that as it may, from that point forward their incomes have been at a virtual halt, drifting around $9 billion for as far back as five years. In spite of their absence of progress in the last half-decade we see improvement in their not so distant future, particularly with them effectively well into the phase of perceiving issue issues inside the organization. They have understood that one of their significant issues is what made them into what they are today, their athletic shoes. They have kept up an enormous portion of the athletic shoe showcase since their commencement however they have just barely as of late saw that this offer is gradually lessening through time, as it has dropped six percent from 1997 to 2000. Subsequent to making a stride back and taking a gander at the 10,000 foot view they understood their mistake in the ongoing past, they have put a lot of their emphasis on delivering top of the line, expensive athletic shoes and have disregarded the mid-estimated shoes section which powered their development for quite a long time, yet still remained the maker of 30% of their incomes. This center will help bring the Nike brand shoe over into the homes of any American home regardless of their pay level. Alongside their shoes, Nike has different designs to restore their corporate exhibition. The greatest of everything was the securing of top executive, the previous president and CEO of the Polo Jeans division of adversary Jones Apparel Group, Mindy Grossman. Nike searched out Ms. Grossman due to her outstanding exhibition in the attire business with the expectation that she would take their clothing division to the best; an outcome which isn't a long ways to excess while considering the huge assets and impact that Nike as of now has. The expectations inside the organization are that these changes to their corporate methodology alongside some minor cost cutting modifications in the company’s activities and organization will drive the organization up the grade of income development. With Nike reigniting their interest for greatness and energizing this fire by reestablishing their staple, mid-evaluated athletic shoes fit for each American, to its magnificence; it’s simple to have confidence in the capability of Nike, Inc. also, get on board with the temporary fad. Despite the fact that we have confidence in the capability of Nike, further budgetary assessment is vital before a choice influencing everybody in this room can be made. We got amped up for the possibility of Nike turning out to be a piece of our reserve not in view of the name, and the notoriety it conveys with it, but since of their momentous accomplishment during various time and differing financial conditions. These components combined with their current monetary battles and the effect those available cost of Nike makes them a prime worth contributing applicant. WACC: We pick the weighted normal expense of funding to use as our rebate rate. We did this since we determined future incomes utilizing the free income to the firm technique. By utilizing this strategy we can represent the all out free incomes accessible to the proprietors after all costs. This implies obligation is represented in the natural estimation of the organization. So as to register the WACC the accompanying sources of info must be determined; cost of value, after assessment cost of obligation, weight of value and weight of obligation. In this segment of the investigation we will give a bit by bit breakdown of how we registered those sources of info. Cost of Debt: The expense of obligation is rate at which an organization pays on its current extraordinary obligation. This rate is contained things like credits or securities. Nike helpfully has just one issue of traded on an open market obligation. This is a bond that pays a 6. 75% coupon semi-every year. It was given on 7/15/10 and is full grown on 7/15/21. The present market cost is $95. 60. To figure the expense of obligation we found the YTM of the main current remarkable bond issue. Starting today we are nine days from a coupon installment on 7/15/01. After this coupon installment there will be 40 more coupon installments. We are making the supposition that a coupon is paid on the date of development. As expressed the cost of the bond recorded today is $95. 60. On the off chance that the bond were really to be purchased and sold the cost would need to mirror the intrigue gathered since the last coupon installment. To ascertain this we deducted the quantity of days since the last installment, 173, from the quantity of days in the period, 182 = . 95. We at that point took that number and duplicated it by the coupon installment partitioned by 2 so as to understand the coupon installment per period. (6. 75/2)= 3. 375(. 95) = $3. 2. In view of these estimations we have determined the accompanying contributions to unravel for the YTM. Cost of Equity: The expense of value is the arrival that investors require to put resources into an organization. There are a wide range of approaches to process this worth. We will take a gander at CAPM, DDM and the income capitalization proportion. CAPM: We took a gander at two distinct approaches to figure CAPM. First utilizing the multi month T-Bill as a hazard free rate (3. 59%) alongside the number-crunching normal of profits from 1926-1999 (7. half) to figure the market chance premium. We utilized a beta of . 8 which is the normal of the most recent 6 years. We accept this to be a decent gauge since it represents instability and diminished conceivable fluctuation. The following is our computation for the expense of value. In the option CAPM model we utilized the multi year Treasury security as the hazard free rate rather than the multi month. We likewise utilized the geometric normal of verifiable returns as the market hazard premium. The following is the estimation of the elective Cost of Equity. We accept that the second computation of the CAPM utilizing the multi year security and the geometric normal is a progressively precise portrayal of the expense of value. The multi year security rate is a superior sign of the genuine hazard free rate since the reserve is seeing worth stocks which are commonly held for longer timeframes. The geometric mean is likewise an increasingly practical estimation of the market hazard premium since it determined genuine return, instead of the number juggling normal which is only a straight normal computation. DDM: The figuring of the profit markdown model required a profit development rate and the present stock cost. We acquired the profit development pace of 5. 5% from Valueline. The present offer cost is $42. 09. The figuring of the expense of capital utilizing the DDM is underneath. The profit rebate model works best with organizations that follow the steady moderate development way. This is on the grounds that their profits are commonly a decent impression of income. Since Nike is certainly not a moderate developing organization and their profits are not profoundly corresponded with changes in income we don't prescribe utilizing the DDM to appraise the expense of value. Profit Capitalization Rate: The income top rate is something contrary to the P/E proportion. The data sources incorporate an understood development rate which we determined by increasing current ROE by the present maintenance proportion of profit. This development rate is utilized to extend EPS for the following year. The sources of info and count of the expense of value is demonstrated as follows. The income capitalization proportion is definitely not a decent gauge of the expense of value for a similar explanation the DDM was not a decent model. This is on the grounds that the maintenance proportion and the profit payout proportion are reliant on one another. Since the profit payout proportion is certifiably not a decent sign of income than nor is a model that utilizes the maintenance proportion. Estimation of Debt: To successfully compute the estimation of obligation we utilized the market estimation of obligation rather than the book esteem. This gives a superior estimation of the present estimation of the obligation. To figure the market esteem we limited the LT obligation esteem that we got from the accounting report. The following are the sources of info and the current estimation of the LT obligation. Notwithstanding the market estimation of long haul obligation we have to include transient obligation. This incorporates the current LT obligation installment and the notes payable as found on the 2001 accounting report. In the wake of including these qualities we acquired the all out market estimation of obligation. Estimation of Equity: To discover the estimation of the value we utilized the market estimation of the present value as opposed to utilizing the book esteem. The market value is determined by duplicating the present number of offers by the present market cost. Estimation is demonstrated as follows. Capital Structure: Based available estimation of the obligation and value we determined the capital structure. The numbers are demonstrated as follows. {draw:frame} WACC Calculation: To figure the WACC we consolidated the loads of

Program Assistant Introduction Elaine Kubik COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Program Assistant Introduction Elaine Kubik COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog While I wrapped up the Admissions Office PA introductions a couple weeks ago, we do have a new addition to the team. Elaine Kubik  is  a program assistant for the MPA-DP program. Elaine  helps the MPA-DP  team with marketing and bringing great speakers to campus. If you have any questions about the MPA-DP program feel free to reach out to her at mek2211@columbia.edu. Elaine Kubik is a second year MPA-Development Practice candidate at SIPA. She is focusing her studies on corporate social responsibility and examining how private sector companies can contribute to the growth of developing countries. Elaine was born in Panama and raised all over the world as a military dependent.  Prior to SIPA Elaine worked for five years in both the public and private sectors in marketing and communications. Upon graduating Elaine hopes to work with private companies in increasing the sustainability of their products and their commitment to their communities. You can follow her on Twitter at @elainekubik. In a brief QA for the Admissions Blog, she had this to share: What attracted you to SIPA and Columbia University? The MPA-Development Practice curriculum was the perfect blend of foundational, required courses and opportunity to take elective courses. The first year was spent focusing heavily on economics, health policy, food policy and learning about the different intersections of development in terms of programs and policies. Now, in my second year I’m able to hone in on my interests and build out my skillset in a specific area. What has been the best part of your SIPA experience? One of the best parts of my SIPA experience has been the MPA-DP summer placement. In the summer of 2015 I was able to go to Maseru, Lesotho and work with a global health organization on their HIV programs. It’s one thing to learn about health policies and programs at school, but it’s another thing to be on the ground and helping to implement it. Did you choose to attend SIPA to change careers, or to gain experience in a career path you already had experience in? I chose to pursue a graduate degree because I wanted to advance in my career and make a slight change in my professional direction. I was heavily focused on marketing communications before SIPA and I knew I wanted to get into the world of development. The MPA-DP program is making this possible and I’ll have the network connections to get the right position afterwards. SIPA features lots of events for students to attend. Is there any interesting presentation that you have attended that you could comment upon? It’s so easy to have a jam-packed schedule! There are many opportunities to attend workshops or attend a speaker event. The most memorable events have been hearing Michael Kimmel speak about masculinities and attending a mobile data collection workshop facilitated by the same team that did contract tracing for Ebola at The Earth Institute. Have you taken classes at other Columbia Schools? My schedule for my second year has been much more flexible and I’m able to take a class at Columbia Business School. It’s a great course on negotiations and the course has a great blend of lecture and role-plays. Soon we’ll have a large group negotiation with the negotiation students at the Columbia Law School. What was the most challenging aspect of the application process? One of the most challenging parts was getting the recommendations. Throughout the entire graduate application process and even scholarship/fellowship applications, it’s easy to teeter on the edge of burning out your recommenders. It’s a tricky process to maintain the relationship and also satisfy the requirements (and large quantities) of applications. [Photo courtesy of Elaine Kubik]

Should Parents Spank Their Children - 1327 Words

Should parents spank their children? Miguel Tello EMT LBCC Shawn Parker Nov 24, 2015 Abstract Corporal Punishment is a controversial topic that is influence by religion, values, upbringings etc. What parents do not realize is that it can have great outcomes in whether you practice it or not. One thing is certain, physical abuse is not always the answer. People should take a second and evaluate there parenting skills. Whether they are going to give positive reinforcement or is it based on anger and a quick silence that may satisfy briefly. Physical abuse is noticeable, but deep down a psychological abuse might be of more abuse. Children are developing and learning about life. What sort of values and behavioral does corporal punishment teach. Aggression, anger, despite, bitterness is what punishment enforces. Children need love affection and a good teacher to learn from to feel love, compassion, and trust to feel happy. There are other types of punishment that will catch children’s attention and at no physical abuse. Should parents spank their children? Corporal punishment or spanking does not only hurt physically but can lead to emotional and behavioral problems down the road for children. When parents spank children they are using the notion of fear to teach them what not to do, but it does not explain what is right when it comes to appropriate behaviors. In addition, children learn that when theyShow MoreRelatedParents Should Not Spank Children1657 Words   |  7 PagesParents should not spank children Spanking is a method that most of parents use to punish their children after they have done something bad, which can help a child not to do the same thing again or over and over. It has been the way of discipline for many years. According to Julie Crandall, â€Å"65 percent of Americans spank their children, which means 3.5 out of 5 parents spank their children†. This study clearly shows us that parents more parents spank their children. ParentsRead MoreShould Parents Be Allowed to Spank Their Children1456 Words   |  6 PagesShould Parents Be Allowed To Spank Their Children? The inhuman act of corporal punishment at home that is discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social welfare organizations should be completely banned, and parents should be allowed to spank their children. Physical violence practiced on children also known as corporal punishment has been discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social organizations for a number of reasons with serious consequences for violatorsRead MoreParents Should Not Spank Their Children Essay examples1654 Words   |  7 Pagesinjury. So, are parents actually teaching their children violence? When a parent spanks a child, whether they are aware of it or not, they are teaching that child violence. They are teaching them that hitting someone else is okay. In his article The 13 Ways Spanking Harms Children, Michael J. Marshall, PhD, says that children who are spanked engage in more hitting and fighting than those who are not physically punished by their parents. Relying on spanking when parents think its neededRead MoreSpanking Young Children1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbout 60% of parents in the United States use spanking as a method to discipline their young children. In most cases parents believe that spanking is the only effective way to discipline their children. According to the â€Å"International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family†, spanking is often referred as; â€Å"one or two flat-handed swats on a childs wrist or buttocks, but would not include a beating with a whip or a belt, for others, spanking also includes slaps and pinches to the leg, arm, back , or evenRead More Corporal Punishment in America Essays1222 Words   |  5 Pagescorporal punishment as the use of physical force aimed at causing children to experience pain but not injury, for the purposes of correction and control of youthful behavior (Day 83). Spanking is one form of physical or corporal punishment (Epoch 1). The general acceptance, and sometimes support, of corporal punishment as a method of discipline is an aspect of the American culture (Barnett, Miller-Perrin, Perrin 61). Children are abused, in part, because they are unable to defend themselvesRead MoreParenting Styles, Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive And Uninvolved981 Words   |  4 PagesParenting style has a big impact on how children develop into adults, and there are important implications for their future success. (Ronald Riggio, 2014) How a parent treated their child will follow the child for the rest of its life. Different parenting styles and their punishments that follow can affect the child mentally (psychological disorders) and physically (obesity). While we all know some forms of punishment is uncalled for such as persistence spanking is not typically just punishment butRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is A Discipline Method1650 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish Dictionary, states that the verb spank means to â€Å"slap with one s open hand or a flat object, especially on the buttocks as a punishment† (Spank). Either against or for spanking in both definitions one can see this i s an inhumane thing to do to a person let alone a small innocent child. I have heard stories from my father about how he used to be spanked as a child. He said that if it was a minor wrong behavior then he or his siblings would receive a spank by the hand, but if they did somethingRead More Corporal Punishment (Spanking) - A Parents Choice Essay748 Words   |  3 Pagescausing children to experience pain but not injury, for the purposes of correction and control of youthful behavior(http://www.123helpme.com/preview.asp?id=32539). Spanking is a controversial topic and should not be taken lightly. As a child I was spanked when I did something wrong. My parents never left a mark on me what so ever. Being spanked taught me respect and kept me in line. The way my parents disciplined me, I think is an accepted method of punishment. I believe what parents do to theirRead MoreThe Importance Of Parental Spanking Of Children1540 Words   |  7 PagesParents should not spank their children because the parental spanking of children can be harmful to the behavioral and social development of their children. Parental spanking of children is a violent disciplinary technique where a parent hits childrens behinds with an open hand or object in order to deter childrens behavior in a way the parents may perceive as negative. I grew up in a home where my parents spanked me and my three younger brothers. I have witnessed parental spanking of childrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Spaking And Child Abuse866 Words   |  4 Pagesspanked by a parent for misbehaving may carry on this behavior as an accept able form of punishment for their own children. Others believe spanking to be an outdated punishment that is cruel and can cross the line to physical abuse. Some also believe spanking allows a parent to immediately stop a dangerous action, and, as a traditional form a discipline, may be necessary to communicate a message about negative behavior to young children who may not understand verbal explanations. A lot of parents find their

The Transformational Century And Historical Sources And...

1. Why is the 15th century called the transformational century and what historical sources and tools can be used to verify this description! Please discuss fully. While the 15th century had an abundance of things that collectively caused it to be called the transformational century, such as the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of the Byzantine Empire, and the use of guns to fight battles, I believe that the printing press makes a strong statement about the change in society. The reason the printing press stands out is it was a major change to how information was exchanged. Prior to the invention of the printing press, it’s estimated that only about 10% men/1% women were literate (Willis, 2015). However, in 1674 literacy rates were 60% for men and 30% for women (Harvard, n.d.). This increase in literacy rates greatly aided the Renaissance age by allowing information to be spread much more rapidly than previously possible. Just as the printing press encouraged the renaissance age, the renaissance age encouraged the use of the printing press. This can be seen by the rapid increase in the number of towns that had printing presses in us e, around 236 towns had their own print shops (Maxfield, 2009). This also caused ideologies to spread much faster than, exposing people to previously unknown ways. Which in turn allowed people to develop their own new ideas. This increased desire for knowledge is the heart why the 15th century is called the transformational century. ThereShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Management Approach Analysis : Organization1550 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Management Approach Analysis The following analysis examines the organizational approach to management that I work for. Since many of the approaches to management are based on historical approaches to management, this article will analyze the differences and similarities between this approach and the historical ones. In addition, I will also talk about the efficiencies and inefficiencies of the approach contemplating on its impact on the overall organizations growth and business. OrganizationalRead MoreHuman Resource Management and Demings Continuous Improvement Concept8656 Words   |  35 Pagesimprovement process that makes use of four systems approaches: trust, bureaucracy, unionization, and regulation. Variance-minimizing tools that were appropriate for earlier phases of HR history (characterized by higher levels of HR loss) may be too blunt for the level of commitment industry now demands. Enterprise or company unionism may be a preferable quality management tool, although the National Labor Relations Act inhibits its adoption. D 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords:Read MoreGlobal and International Business Contexts – Sm0269 Essay3889 Words   |  16 Pagesis a marked difference in industry structure when comparing the â€Å"New World† producers (e.g. Australia, Chile, United States) to the â€Å"Old World† firms. These structural differences are driven by institutional diversity and contrasting patterns of historical development in countries. However, they are also driven by the competitive strategies employed by particular firms which are determining factors discussed in Porter’s Diamond model. Porters diamond model allows an analysis of why some industriesRead MoreEssay about Phd Comprehensive Exam. in Leadership15004 Words   |  61 Pagesperspectives. For the epistemology of subjectivity â€Å"the social world external to individual cognition is made up of nothing more than names, concepts and labels which are used as artificial creations, whose utility is based upon their convenience as tools for describing, making sense of, and negotiating the external world†(Burrell and Morgan, 1979). For a qualitative researcher â€Å"human behavior depends on how individuals interpret the conditions in which they find themselves† and â€Å"social reality is regardedRead MoreA Review of Leadership Theories and Possible Changes to Police Leadership10285 Words   |  42 PagesTransactional and Transformational leadership. Leadership within policing has evolved over the years in some organizations to a more participative style and yet there are still leaders who cling to an antiquated domineering style. The purpose of this paper identified trait theories, leadership theories and change strategies that have molded or are molding the policing culture. Change must occur if the culture of police organizations are going to meet the demands of the 21st century and several issuesRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hrm and Ir1930 Words   |  8 Pagesthe HRM and IR respectively. It will then go on to lay out theoretical dimensions of the two subjects, and looks at significant characteristics of HRM and IR. The last part assesses comparison and contrast between the two fields in the light of historical perspectives and literature review. Definition Transition of Human Resource Management The HRM terminology stems from the USA subsequences of human relations movement. In the counterpart, since the first British book on HRM published in theRead MoreBig Data Analytics Driven Enterprise Asset Management For Asset Intensive Industries6539 Words   |  27 Pages ¬Big Data Analytics Driven Enterprise Asset Management for Asset Intensive Industries. 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Last of all, it will talk about several future leadership encounters that organizations could possibly come in contact with in the next several years. Organizational change management is something that takes into consideration both the tools and processes and tools that managers are able to utilize to make

Recognition Speech Free Essays

To the ever steadfast director and school principal, Mr. Bartolome L. Avila, to the highly competent and deeply motivated teachers and staff; other officials who are present on this occasion;to the proud and loving parents; to the very important people- the stars, in today’s ceremonies, the awardees, ladies and gentlemen, a pleasant morning. We will write a custom essay sample on Recognition Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like most of you today, my feelings are really overwhelming. I know, you guys are as excited about this event as I am so excited to speak before you today. Not so long ago, I was seating exactly where you are right now and hearing an inspirational talk from a guest speaker back then. Yes, I am but a proud alumna of Pililla Academy and soon you too will be part of the Alumni. Today, Pililla Academy will name those outstanding students who brought honors to themselves, and to this school. As we, you gather here and start viewing those simple and ordinary faces, you will realize that these achievers are exactly as everyone else. The only thing different is that, they have made their choices. That is to STAND and be recognized in the area where they choose to be the best one. It is a matter of CHOICE. It is between doing the right thing or not, or be recognized in good things or in all foolish activities. Sa ngayon, sa hirap ng buhay na dinaranas natin, tanging ang mga parangal na inyong matatanggap ang siyang magsisilbing tanglaw, gabay at pag-asa tungo sa magandang kinabukasan. Bawat medalya at sertipiko na inyong makakamit ay higit na mahalaga kaysa anumang kayamanan, sapagkat ito ang sumisimbolo sa natatanging kahusayan at galing na inyong pinamamalas. â€Å"Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most importantly, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. † How to cite Recognition Speech, Essay examples

Best Case Questions free essay sample

It can point out significant matters of the financial statements but does not provide assurance of their accuracy. Because reviews are generally not as rigorous as audits, considerably less evidence is typically collected in a review than in a comparable audit engagement. The issue with ZZZZ Best case is that the auditors review was not sufficient enough to review any material misstatements on the financial statements. 3. SAS 106 (AU 326), Audit Evidence, specifically identifies the principal management assertions that underlie financial statements.The existence/occurrence assertion was particularly critical for ZZZZ Best’s insurance restoration contracts. ZZZZ Best’s auditors obtained third-party confirmations to support the contracts, reviewed available documentation, performed analytical procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of the revenues recorded on the contracts, and visited selected restoration sites. * What were the limitations of the evidence that these procedures provided with regard to the management assertion of existence/occurrence? 8 points) The limitations of the evidence that these procedures provided with regard to the management assertion of existence/occurrence was that Minkow insisted on Ernst Whinney to sign a standard confidentiality agreement where it stated that Ernst Whinney will not be able to make any follow-up telephone calls to any contractors, insurance companies, the building owner, or other individuals involved in the restoration contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Case Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This restriction effectively prohibited the auditors from corroborating the insurance restoration contracts with independent third parties. 4. George Greenspan testified before Congress that one method he used to audit the insurance restoration contracts was to verify that his client actually received payment on those jobs. * How can such apparently reliable evidence lead an auditor to an improper conclusion? (6 points) In Greenspan’s situation, his apparently reliable evidence was not from independent third party.When Greenspan confirmed the existence of ZZZZ’s insurance restoration contracts, he contacted Tom Padgett who at the time was an active and willing participant in Minkow’s fraudulent schemes. 5. Re: Predecessor-successor auditors: * What is the purpose of predecessor-successor auditor communications? * Which party, the predecessor or successor auditor, has the responsibility for initiating these communications?The successor auditor should obtain information from the predecessor auditor that will assist the successor auditor in determining whether to accept the engagement. Matters subject to the inquiry should include information that might bear on the integrity of management, disagreements with management as to accounting principles, auditing procedures, or similarly significant manners, communications to those charged with governance regarding fraud and illegal acts by clients, communications to management and those charged with governance regarding signi?

Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays

Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay constitution of agritourism development and presentation program had taken topographic point ( Hsu, 2005 ) . The plantation countries in Sumatra and Java in Indonesia have been developed chiefly for rural touristry. In Korea, a group of more than five farm families with place stay small towns near tourer resorts have been developed as tourist-farms. In Malaysia, the authorities pumps out most of the financess for more than 30 agritourism centres ( Sharpley A ; Vass, 2006 ) . Malayan Minister of Agriculture has emphasized the importance of revolutionising the agribusiness sector, in the conference of Malaysia Agriculture, Horticulture and Crops, saying, we will besides seek to transform many of our agricultural and research Stationss in to tourers finishs ( Hamid, 2000 ) . Hsu ( 2005 ) has reported that, in Taiwan, agritourism was proposed by the Department of Agricultural Extension of the National Taiwan University and the Council of Agriculture in 1989. In 1993, the council of Agriculture advocated the Leisure Farm guiding Development and Management Program to help the husbandmans those who were interested in diversifying their direction schemes. In 1996, the Leisure Farm Guiding Regulations was formulated by the authorities. Other than the old aims, encouragement of farm proprietors to incorporate local cultural activities into their direction schemes to boot the local economic system was besides emphasized. In India Agro Rural Tourism ( ART ) is a plan to happen solution to get the better of agriculture job. So, the Agro Rural Tourism can be a best auxiliary concern for Agriculture. ART is traveling to be organized non merely on a developed secret plan like a resort, but besides on the huge atmosphere of activity agriculture set up, if this agriculture is decently integrated and sustainable, of course. Importance will be given to the ecological deductions of the country. Thus ART will automatically back up the planetary construct of Environmental Security . Besides, Haryana Tourism, ( 2007 ) reported that, Haryana Tourism in India is the first province in the state established agritourism coaction with 13 farms near Delhi which seeks to open a view of new chances such as musical sound of nature, pure air, seting babe seeds, siting bullock carts, organic nutrient, cultural heritage, common people traditions, joys of nature etc. The farms are located in Faridabad, Gurgon, Rohtak and Karnal territories of Haryana. Other than theses topographic points, there are agritourism finishs in countries such as Mahrashtra, Kerala, Panjab etc. Agribusiness and agritourism in Thailand is traveling in front, compared to other states in the part. At present, 80 Agricultural experiment Stationss are in the state supplying support for the agribusiness sector in legion ways. Out of 80 the experiment Stationss, 17 Stationss have been developed by the Department of Agriculture as agritourism operations sing the suited characteristics of each finish like educational value, their location, importance as a premier touristry topographic point, their available boarding installation etc. It is reported that there is a high demand for those finishs by local every bit good as foreign visitants. Guide book to agritourism introduced by the secretary of the Tourism Office, Department of Agriculture, provides all the utile information for all 17 centres including the critical tourer calendar ( Department of Agriculture Thailand, 2004 ) . Other than Public agritourism centres, there are many private finishs which provide the service to visitan ts in assorted graduated tables. Farm Chokchai in Nawankoon, Choto Re Leai in Loei, VaVee Station and Doi Tuny in Chiang Ria, Ang Kang Station ( Royal undertaking ) in Chiang Mai are some of the best illustrations. Agritourism in Sri Lanka is in the emerging phase and there are merely a few finishs available at present in the state. Although there are installations to see farm lands by public free of charge upon anterior petition, agritourism as a concern is still a new construct for most of the rural countries. Besides, husbandmans have deficiency of cognition and accomplishment to get down agritourism operations on their ain. Though a few husbandmans have the possible, they need outside support and counsel to originate. Although there is certain degree of experiences on agritourism in few Asiatic states, most of the presently available experiences are chiefly from economically advanced states holding big farms. For case, in USA and Canada, the mean size of a small-scale farm is 1000 hour angle and in Canada 1500ha severally, and they are much larger than large-scale farms in Asia. So, there is a uncertainty whether we can use these experiences straight to Asiatic states like Sri Lanka, particularly to the small-scale rural husbandmans. Summarizing up the facts, it is really apparent that agritourism, as a turning sector, has a sound foundation for bring forthing income in rural countries of many states. Wicks A ; Merrett ( 2003 ) have mentioned that, agritourism development can be successfully integrated into local economic systems, environment and rural life styles without a great break. However, in some state of affairss they have non been able to give the expected result. Furthermore, most of the experiences of agritourism which I came across during my literature study were, from developed and good advanced states. Compared to developing states, those husbandmans have big size farms, good instruction A ; engineering and a batch of other installations and authorities support to run a farm concern good. Besides, general people have a batch of chances to prosecute in travel and touristry as visitants. But, the status of the farms in Sri Lanka is different in many facets. Therefore, the inquiry we have is whether agritourism in Sri Lanka would give the same result as the other developed counties? 3.2.9 Agritourism and farm touristry Farm touristry can be explained as the procedure of sing a farm for a vacation, take parting in its operations and larning about agriculture. Harmonizing to Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited ( 2012 ) the construct of farm touristry envisages engagement of private sector the husbandmans / farm house proprietors based on public private partnership. The farm house proprietors act as both hosts and ushers to the sing tourer. Preference is given to farm which have agricultural land attached. The farm house proprietor is supposed to supply place cooked nutrient, stay installations and demo the visitant the agricultural patterns such as flower gardening, harvest home, bee maintaining, dairying etc. and present to him the small town manner of life through assorted participatory activities. The visitants can bask the natural milieus in fresh air. The visitant gets an exposure of local community life which means go toing a panchayet meeting, exposure of local vocals, nutrient, dances, art a nd trade etc.The circuit of small town includes sing the local craftsmans like the carpenter, blacksmith etc. The visitants have experience of festival juncture such as matrimony and local repasts. They can besides take part or witness small town games such as wresting, gulidanda kite winging and have ride on bullock cart, tractor etc. Experiences such as leaping on the hay and taking bath in the well could be alone characteristic for the people and kids from urban countries. They can besides see the of import carnivals and festivals being organized in these countries along with of import memorials, have prevarications, historical sites etc. Each farm can take at developing a alone merchandising point some are specialising in organic agriculture ) . The footings farm touristry and agritourism are used interchangeably, as penchant for usage is different geographically. In England, the term farm touristry is used ; on the East Coast, agritourism is used ( Rilla, 2012 ) . Use of the term farm touristry is non every bit common as agritourism and most of the writers have used the term agritourism and farm touristry interchangeably or as equivalent word in their surveies ( Beglaryan, 2011 ; Phillip, Hunter A ; Blackstone, 2010 ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Bruch, 2008 ; Kline et Al ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Barbieri A ; Mshenga, 2008 ; Roberts A ; Hall, 2001 ; Wall, 2000 ) . To the best of my cognition, no 1 has compared and contrast agritourism and farm touristry yet. 3.3 Agritourism and Rural Development There are several groundss for agritourism s part for rural development from assorted states. Not merely in developed states, researches in developing states have besides discovered many happening sing this phenomenon as agritourism has ability to open up alternate income beginnings for the husbandmans every bit good as environing community. A As it is a people-oriented industry, agritourism can offer many occupations which have helped to resuscitate rural economic systems. Agritourism has different ways and agencies of helping rural development and has ability to act upon the economic, socio-cultural and environmental sweetening of some societies. 3.3.1 Agritourism and rural development in developed states There are many important surveies in developed states related to agritourism and rural development. As per the survey of Haghiri and Okech ( 2011 ) on function of the agritourism direction in developing the economic system of rural countries in the state of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada , in rural development, agritourism Acts of the Apostless as a solution for the job of poorness by giving economic chances for the husbandmans. They have mentioned that the publicity of touristry and agritourism activities is one manner to assist develop the economic system of rural countries in the state that is confronting a series of challenges, such as little internal markets ; switching socio-demographics ; deficiency of sufficient investings ; the high rate of emigration ; diseconomies of graduated table ; and the developing economic substructure for the clip being. Further, they have identified three options as get downing the production of new merchandises ; organic fruits and veggies, s pecialized farm animal merchandises like sheep, caprine animals, pelt, electromagnetic unit, coneies, etc. , farm-based nutrient merchandises, such as staff of life, jams and gelatins, and handmade trades and heightening the bing touristry merchandises and besides developing new markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, other states of Canada, and international states. In Bahamas, agritourism usage forward linkages with agribusiness and touristry by direct merchandising of agricultural merchandises and services to the visitants and besides rearward linkages such as indirect attack utilizing an intermediary to supply merchandises to the touristry sector. These activities improve the income of husbandmans and eventually assisting for the rural development ( Hepburn, 2008 ) . Schmitt ( 2010 ) has done a survey on the agrarian adult females s bureau, get bying schemes, visions and wants against the dynamic alterations of the agricultural sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an of import permanent support scheme for some agrarian households, it remains an extra income for others. Either manner, it has turned out to be a beginning of adult females s turning assurance every bit good as a sustainable ingredient of regional development. Agritourism in Italy has able to carry on wide and advanced merchandise scope, sophisticated Marketing systems and most significantly, extended authorities supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear aim in head: To hold rural emigration by maintaining husbandmans on the land ( ibid ) . ( Porcaro, 2009 ) . As per Choo, ( 2012 ) agritourism can give husbandmans an chance to bring forth extra income and to be an avenue for direct selling of the farm merchandises to consumers. It can besides assist antagonize societal and economic jobs of the farms and local occupants ( loss of income, increased disbursals, globalisation, and others ( associated with the diminution of traditional agribusiness industries ) . While the fiscal advantages with regard to employment and rewards are clear, agritourism development can besides heighten the local quality of life. It can function as an of import beginning of revenue enhancement grosss, which may take to higher public services and lower local revenue enhancement rates. agritourism can besides back up preservation of local civilization and traditions, assisting to keep the viability of small-scale agribusiness ( Choo, 2012 ) . In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly supported as one of the rural development schemes. A figure of agritourism endeavors are developing at local degree with voluntary enterprises utilizing the desires of local people and local disposals that want to profit from the installations of agritourism in Turkey. For illustration in, Karaburun and Ankara Villages, agritourism services such as adjustment, tasting and purchasing local nutrients by the urban people and disposal to happen excess income for them ( Topcu-2007 ) . Besides, the BuAYday Association s Ecological Farm Holidays undertaking ( Ta-Tu-Ta Project ) in Turkey is a concerted undertaking conducted by voluntary husbandmans and non-governmental organisation aiming to promote ecological life style. This undertaking stated that husbandmans benefit from agritourism by bring forthing and merchandising of organic merchandises to the visitants. Agritourism aids rural economic development by supplying alternate usage of farming area, increasing gross of on-farm activities, bettering concern sustainability, and conveying economic gross to rural countries both on-site and near the operation. Agritourism besides has the potency for informal agricultural instruction between the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agribusiness ( Jolly A ; Reynolds, 2005 ) . A survey of Nasers, ( 2009 ) in Iowa UAS found that the publicity of agritourism provides a good relationship for local nutrient systems as it helps to heighten the entreaty of local nutrients. Local nutrient has become the consolidative subject of a societal motion to dispute and reshape the modern agri-food system. A local nutrient paradigm, in contrast, emphasizes nutrient quality and freshness, a personal connexion to little and household graduated table farms, environmental protection, community autonomy, and the economic multiplier effects of doing local purchases ( Ostrom, 2006, p. 66 ) . The demand for fresh green goods continues to turn, offering manufacturers the chance to increase their net incomes through direct selling. Direct selling provides a nexus between consumers seeking high-quality green goods and manufacturers who are seeking an chance to vie in the green goods industry ( Kuches et al. ) . In add-on to associating the consumer to the manufacturer, direct sell ing allows the manufacturer to short-circuit the traditional distribution web and gain a greater portion of net incomes ( Kuches et al. ) . As a signifier of direct selling, agritourism creates chances for the manufacturer to associate with their consumer and straight market their merchandises. Furthermore, Agritourism is increasing rural verve and exciting new economic chances through the variegation of farm operations and increased gross on-site and near the operations in Iowa ( Norby and Retallick, 2012 ) . Twe ( 2010 ) have reported that agritourism is progressively being adopted in the United States as it gives a myriad of economic and intrinsic benefits to husbandmans, visitants and communities, supports household farms in concern and continuing American agricultural heritage, maximising the productiveness of farming area resources through their recreational usage, and even better the economic state of affairs of local communities. Besides agritourism is suggested to increase farm grosss and serve other husbandman ends ( Ollenburg A ; Buckley, 2007 ; McGehee A ; Kim, 2004 ; Nickerson et al. , 2001 ) . Farms that diversify into agritourism are likely to use existing resources or other low-input options ( Fisher, 2006 ) . Extra economic support for the farm concern is particularly of import in the current clip due to increased land values and agricultural input costs ( Salamon, 2003 ; Busby A ; Rendle, 1999 ; Ilbery, 1991 ) . Agritourism by and large activates as a little household endeavors, so it s both socially and economically profitable. Besides Agritourism assists to extenuate out-migration from distant countries and generate net income by diversifying economic system. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural countries adds quality to their life ( Monica Iorio A ; Andrea Corsale, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Gale, ( 2006 ) rural touristry endeavors provide fresh beginnings of income for households populating in distant countries. 2002, Sharpley ( 2002 ) has said that agritourism can offer occupation chances for rural people in local trades and vino devising sectors to supply extra income. Agritourism helps repopulation of rural countries, betterment of the populace services, revival of local trades and to increase chances for societal contacts and exchange. Developing and forming agritourism requires a important investing though possible investing is less. ( Sharpley, 2002 ) . Agritourism positive educational force stimulates a thirst for cognition of the outside universe, promoting entrepreneurial activity, supplying excess income, bring forthing new signifiers of employment, making new forms of travel or puting up potentially negative presentation effects, modifying civilization and major economic escapes through multinational engagement ( Hall, 1998 ) . A survey of Beglaryan, ( 2011 ) on Development of Agro touristry in Armenia, agritourism provides the chance to increase the possible forA higherA border, A on-farmA salesA and valueA addedA productsA andA services.A Because most Armenian farms are operated by little landholders, there is great chance for customizat ion and singularity in agritourism attractive forces. Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritourism can lend for the agribusiness rural development in several ways ( Wicks and Marret 2003 ; Bruch, 2008 ) . However, to carry through this status, several other demands and conditions are important. For illustration, Danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attending on barriers and structural defects exist before they focus ( back ) towards the development potency for farms desiring to diversify their concern, and their possibilities for economic support and, merely as of import, advice from the agricultural associations consultancy construction every bit good as from national and regional touristry development organic structures, and perchance webs for rural/farm/green touristry operators to accomplish the full potency of rural touristry in Denmark can be realized. ( Nielsen, Aae Nissen and Just, 2010 ) . With most agricultural manufacturers in Miami-Dade County sing increased force per unit area by developers to sell their lands, lifting operating costs, and dead or worsening net income borders for most of the major agricultural trade goods, agritourism is a possible manner to help with preserving agribusiness and unfastened infinite and lending to the longer- term economic variableness of farm operations. Furthermore, while the benefits of agritourism are critical to the single manufacturers, the benefits travel much further with multiplier effects can hold major impacts on the local economic system ( Evans and Hodges, 2006 ) . The literature reappraisal indicates that agritourism can supply farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as: Generating secondary income for farm operators Continuing the ocular and cultural rural landscape ( Williams A ; Shaw, 1996 ; Luloff et al. , 1 995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ) ; Reducing out migration by supplying occupations ( Friesen ; 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ; Demoi, 1983 ) . ; Bringing a transportation of thoughts from urban to rural countries ( Oppermann, 1996 ) ; Supplying urban people with an experience of rural life ( Lowry, 1996 ; Reid et al. , 1 993 ) ; Diversifying the rural economic system ( Lowry, 1996 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Maude A ; van Rest, 1985 ) ; Making eventual market contacts with urban centres ( Agricultural Land Commission, 1997 ; Bowen et al. , 1991 ; Demoi, 1983 ) ; Making commissariats for certain substructure ( Bowen et al. ; 1991 ) ; and Enhancing the rural individuality of communities and stressing the importance of agribusiness in local countries ( Luloff et al. , 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ) . Therefore, it is important that most of the groundss are from developed states and merely a few are from developing states. 3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing states When agritourism surveies of Asia is concerned, merely a few can be identified. For illustration, Utama ( 2007 ) has studied on economic, societal and environmental benefits of agritourism for the local community, every bit good as the demand for agritourism among tourers in Bali, Indonesia. The purpose of the survey was to explicate the best schemes to introduce and construct up agritourism on Bali. Based on the survey, he has found that addition in income of agritourism husbandmans and occupation chances for local occupants, multiplier effects peculiarly for small-scale direct investings, beef uping local or regional constructions by making webs and the similar, stimulating physical substructure developments, increasing the diverseness of economic activities, raising consciousness of the value of an country, such as its landscape, nature and civilization, and the economic authorities, every bit good as bettering the substructure which enable to supply chances for other economic dev elopments. Furthermore, lending for the signifiers of agricultural merchandise betterments, and stimulations of other related touristry endeavors such as handcraft stores, eating houses, and adjustments, bettering the societal state of affairss of the local communities peculiarly poverty relief, diminishing unemployment every bit good as worsening urbanisation making nature preservation as one the sustainable touristry development indexs is contributed by agritourism development in Bali. Other parts such as international tourer arrival addition and bring forthing economic incomes are the functions of agritourism in using the sustainable touristry development in Bali. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed tonss to the betterment of economic system lives of the local communities in the signifiers of agricultural merchandises gross revenues, assorted of hand-made keepsakes or handcrafts sold for the tourers, opportunities to set up nutrient stables or eating houses and certain types of adjustment such as home-stay, cottage, Villa, and hotel, every bit good as small town development. With regard to economic system betterment, the stakeholders preponderantly agree that increasing agricultural merchandises are the most part generated from agritourism development with mean of 3.97. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed toward betterment of societal state of affairs. There are three indexs which empower the authority of agritourism development such as poorness relief, diminishing the figure of unemployment, and worsening the urban. The stakeholders largely agree that the Agritourism enables to relieve poornesss and diminish the unemployment since i t provides work chances which can assist to better the quality of the villagers lives. Not merely that, Agritourism has extremely played a function in using sustainable touristry development in Bali. Stakeholders preponderantly have agreed that the agritourism development contributes toward nature preservation as one of the of import ends of sustainable touristry ( sustaining nature, societal life, and civilization, every bit good as bring forthing income for the local societies ) . A In Malaysia, harmonizing to the survey of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, ( 2011 ) on Agritourism: Potential chances for husbandmans and local communities, agritourism has made a critical economic part to rural countries and communities though supplying local occupants with extra beginnings of income, diversifying the economic system and loaning prestigiousness to rural life. It enables many to see a fresh signifier of travel and leisure, to derive new consciousness and a positive attitude towards other universes, towards the environment and towards local people and their civilization. Harmonizing to Said et Al ( 2012 ) at Kampung Semarang small town in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to heighten the agricultural value of the farms and farm animal. It is besides to advance the small town as a new agri-based touristry finish, which would hike the criterion of life amongst the husbandmans and villagers lending for the local development. Besides, Hamzah et.al. , ( 2012 ) in their survey on soc io-economic impact potency of agritourism activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community life in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potency of lifting the consciousness of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is assisting to heighten the societal authorization, beef up the community, diversify and escalate economic activities, provide occupation chances and alleviate poorness in that community. A rural development plan named rural subject small town in Korea is chiefly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon ( 2006 ) have studied on this plan and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernisation process of the national economic system. And besides, it has given penetrations to both husbandmans and policymakers to follow a broader position than the hither to agricultural merchandise oriented attitude of rural development. In Thailand, Srisomyong ( 2010 ) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and tried to use all their resources to be to the full of benefit from the growing of touristry. Some activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A chief chance for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could besides propose that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Gross generated from them tends to be in a community, therefore at that place has a little escape of income. A survey in the province of Haryana ( India ) has discovered that agritourism aid to acquire employment chances, put stashing on waysides, sustainability for agribusiness proper, assorted beginnings of income, aid husbandmans to heighten their cognition. As it is a new endeavor with less competition it is concern activity as compared to traditional agriculture less land with low productiveness can give more returns maintain natural resources as alimentary excavation is less and dirt preservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution jobs to environment, better wellness and it protects local heritage and civilization ( Shehrawat, 2009 ) . Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, ( 2012 ) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an advanced signifier of rural touristry, in the context of rural market as it can positively act upon regional development through bring forthing big scale employment and extra income beginnings to the skilled and unskilled. Developing touristry in rural countries increases engagement of the hapless and brings wider benefits for the whole community. Besides, it is a sustainable gross bring forthing merchandise for rural market via inflowing resources from urban to the rural economic system. It can forestall migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialised signifier of rural touristry in rural market. Harmonizing to Murangwa ( 2010 ) in India, agritourism informs as an built-in portion in prolonging the economic systems. Agritourism is a cardinal component of environmentally and socially duty of touristry in rural countries and leads to rural diversified economic system in footings of substructure development such as touristry installations like Accommodation and eating houses, roads, public-service corporations like H2O and electricity, telecommunication, wellness centres among others. Creation of occupations and increased income for the local people. When all these information are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an of import function in touristry sector and it has able to lend for rural development in important degree in many contexts. The development states should therefore consider agritourism as emerging signifier of touristry that would doubtless take to rural development every bit good as complementing other signifiers of touristry bing in their states ( Murangwa, 2010 ) . Furthermore, in literature reappraisal, it was noted that agritourism is in a place to give better consequences under the favourable conditions particularly where appropriate policies and plans are available. Therefore, suited strategic programs is indispensable to the minimize negative impacts and optimise the positive impacts and to make sustainable development in future. Development of Agrotourism in Armenia ( Kristina Beglaryan teithe.academia.edu/ /Development_of_Agrotourism_in_Armenia aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Excess information 1.4. Multifunctional agribusiness as a manner for rural development Harmonizing to a figure of writers ( Lowe et al 2002 ; Durand and Huylenbroeck 2002 ; and others ) multifunctionality could besides be considered as a third manner for rural development, alternate to the opposing progressive and interventionist theoretical accounts. Nevertheless, multifunctionality differs from the rural development attack ( referred to as the new paradigm , the network paradigm or integrated rural development by these writers ) in that it remains chiefly targeted upon agribusiness and agricultural endeavors. Some writers underscoring the importance of the agricultural sector suggest that, although constructed under the new paradigm, agribusiness and husbandmans are still cardinal to rural development success. Van der Ploeg et Al ( 2000 ) , for illustration, edifice on the literature and practical experiences agree that rural development procedures can affect many different histrions, yet reject the impression that rural dev

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The highly visible public display of Americas success as a multicultural society was also one of the reason they included many minorities in the group. NASA just wanted to go ahead with the launch as there was one lady school teacher, Christa McAuliffe in the team, which made this space launch a special centre of attraction for the citizens of the U.S. The US president was due with his assembly speech, which also somewhat forced NASA to go ahead with the launch. There was huge media pressure as the launch had been cancelled several times before. There was also the lack of leadership in the organization as there was really no one with the courage to make the right decisions, as it is one of the foremost requirements of a charismatic leadership. The relationship between Morton Thiokol and NASA is one of the strong reasons for the failure of mission. Both organizations managers were over complacent as they looked for evidence to support mission success rather than evidence indicating possible mission failure. The Thiokol management wanted to make sure it received future contracts from NASA. This is clearly evident from the communication, which took place between the two organisations during the teleconferencing. Basically, both the parties were looking and were guided by their own selfish interests. SHUTTLE DISASTER WHO IS TO BE BLAMED? One single entity cannot be held accountable for the challenger disaster. Responsibility falls on the managers at NASA and Thiokol. These are the people who made the decision to launch challenger and where the ones with the authority and power. They did not listen to or take any real notice of the engineers at Thiokol who are the experts in the area and have the knowledge base regarding the rocket boosters. There was a lack of communication and a sense of desperation from the managers to make sure the shuttle launched as they did not want any further delay. The role that the culture at NASA played in this disaster was very important and indeed can be directly attributed to the disaster. Within NASA there had developed a climate where communication was very closed. The culture did not encourage a free flowing exchange of information between departments and people of different levels; there was a concerted effort to discourage creative thinking. This mind set was also transfeered to Thiokol which had a detrimental effect. The mission was the first of its kind to have a non-astronaut aboard, this was done so that the space program would be more widely acknowledged by the public it would capture peoples imaginations again with the possibility that a regular person could go up into space. Although there was a non-astronaut on board the shuttle and a mix of ethnic backgrounds and genders this can in no way have had any bearing on the disaster as none of these people where responsible for giving the mission the go ahead that was purely down to management and once the shuttle was launched those on board would not have been able to do anything differently. The challenger disaster was certainly avoidable, the warning signs were there but the people in charge did not heed them. The engineers knew there was a problem with the O rings and many attempts were made to communicate this but management did not want to listen to the engineers as it was something they did not want to hear as they clearly put financial gains ahead of the safety of the mission and its crew. NASA also could have stopped the launch but because they had already delayed the launch twice management were under pressure to not delay any further. The pressure to meet its targets led NASA to not follow the set down rules it had in place to stop something like this happening. All the pressures put on both NASA and Thiokol led to them taking risks which did not pay off. If the pressure to launch in conjunction with communication breakdowns had not occurred or had been managed better this disaster would not have happened. FACTORS INFLUENCING DISASTER Communication Communication was considered to be an issue since the engineers were not able to convince the management team at NASA to stop the launch of the space shuttle. It was very evident from the initial time that the management at Marshal Space centre contained already known problems and they were trying to resolve them internally instead of communicating them further. During the initial stages of the challenger project, the management of NASA had come up with certain guidelines and rules called the BURDEN OF PROOF wherein the technical team had to come up with exact proof to explain the consequences if there was a failure from their side. Robert Lund, an engineer and manager who played an important role during the challenger launch explained we had to prove to them that we werent ready, and so we got ourselves into the thought process that we are trying to find some way to prove to them it wouldnt work and we were unable to do that . We couldnt prove absolutely that the motor could not work (US Commission 1986) In any organisation communication decisions should not be set as rules and need to be flexible. Leadership Taking leadership into account, according to Max Webers theory of bureaucracy explained the structure of an organisation. NASAs organisation exhibited a rigid organisational structure wherein all the rules and regulations must be strictly adhered to and everyone should perform the role which they were assigned to. In this rigid type of organisation, the leadership exhibited by the NASA was a narcissistic approach. Narcissistic leadership occurs when leaders actions are principally motivated by their own egomaniacal needs and beliefs, superseding the needs and interests of the constituents and institutions they lead (Seth A.R. Todd L.P., 2006) The leader becomes more concerned with public relations thereby concerning a lot about the organisations image and in the process it forgets about the other issues that were equally strong. Behaviour of people Behaviour of people within both organisations with respect to the risk management was unplanned and NASA management had to make a decision at the last moment even when everyone agreed that a catastrophic possibility existed and it was known that responsibilities of the people were clearly defined. Much of the evidence pertaining to the disaster was dismissed. Behaviour of the entire team could be interpreted as group think. The concept of group think was formulated by Janis, according to his theory; the member of the teams worked as cohesive groups and had utmost confidence in their project. During group think, the decision makers get an illusion that they are invulnerable and it makes people take extraordinary risks at crucial moments. (Janis, 1986) There was an illusion of unanimity among the group members. Regarding the judgement made, the individuals in the Thiokol team remained silent and none of them had openly agreed to the launch. The silence from Thiokol was also worsened since it was a teleconference meeting wherein the body language was not noticed even if they had said no. Hence silence meant an agreement which explains the fact that the team were unable to voice their views. The influence of the media The influence of the media played in major role in decisions that were made by NASA. NASA was under tremendous pressure to achieve flight rates and was so pervasive that it was undoubtedly affecting the attitude towards safety. Scheduling pressures were playing a major role in making NASA biased to launch the shuttle and overseeing the risks which were attached to it, it was mainly due to the medias 24/7 coverage on NASA which was putting them under pressure to launch the shuttle on time because they did not want further negative coverage which could harm their public image. SPACE SHUTTLE AFTERMATH OF THE DISASTER All space exploration has a mission with some specific technical objectives. All missions are time bound, it takes years to plan and implement them. Highly motivated people are needed in the workforce. Astronauts are chosen for the specific missions and are trained for the specialised roles. The Rogers commission provided nine recommendations to NASA after the challenger disaster to improve the safety of its shuttles. NASA not only considered these recommendations but also redesigned their space shuttles with new technical modifications including solid rocket boosters which were the primary cause of the disaster. The role of engineering in complex projects could be analysed by studying the Burns and Stalker theory about mechanistic and organic structures. They studied two different organizations- textile and electronics (Gabriel, 2007). The textile company was having more of a hierarchical structure as discussed by Marx Weber, as they were involved in the routine and bureaucratic tasks whereas the electronic company was more concentrated on the engineering work outs and thus were having more of a horizontal structure which demands more of verbal communications and less paper work. The concentration is more on the Innovation and inter-departmental communications. Above all, the employees have more discretion and liberty to suggest changes and chance to come out with productive innovations (Gabriel, 2007). NASA, being an organization, dealing complex engineering projects, should have provided their engineers with much discretion, rather than applying the unsuitable bureaucratic approach. While handling any complex engineering projects, it is thus advisable, to provide more autonomy of power to its ground level staffs. Power and politics in the organizations could be understood by studying the two well known dysfunctions of bureaucracy and they are as follows- Rigidity- It means that bureaucracy is slow to take advantage of opportunities and avoid threats. They are averse to innovation and experimentation. They generally avoid, which is new. This aspect of bureaucracy is not good for the managers who work in the changing environment. NASAs failure as an organization, by not accepting the new engineering recommendations from its engineers and taking the matter lightly, resulted to the disaster. Departmentalization- As per Webers theory, in bureaucracy, there is a strong hierarchical structure, which gets followed. So, the communication is from top to bottom level and never goes across horizontal level and this leads to setting up of different sub goals by different departments. These sub goals are not in good faith of organization as a whole and also leads to clashes and rivalry among departments. MANAGING COMPLEX OPERATIONS It is always very challenging to manage a complex engineering operation in any organisation. Generally complex organisation creates lot of problem and issues in management, so that management should consider the importance of culture, communication and leadership to manage this type of operation. According to our view following are the factors which should be considered while managing a complex engineering operation. Communication framework: Communication plays another key role in managing complex engineering solutions. A framework called as Leadership communication framework is taken into consideration wherein it starts with core communication skills represented in the centre of framework. It eventually expands itself from managerial communication skills which begin with emotional intelligence and cultural literacy. It finally leads to the concept of corporate communication skills where it becomes more complex and the organisation tends to become responsible to all internal and external stakeholders. The leaders who involve themselves within this type of communication model become the companys face and have numerous responsibilities. Therefore in order to effectively get the advantages of this model an improvement plan has to be initiated with self-assessment of the process. SOURCE: Deborah J Barret, 2006 Culture: Culture forms the function, as the linking mechanism by which network of understanding develops among the employees [Trice, 1988]. Culture works as the software of the mind and use of metaphor in the organisation. As especially strong culture became very useful to manage the project because people in strong culture know which things are right to do. In complex engineering situation feedback is often ambiguous and interpretation is the main key. In any organisation culture play a main role in how ambiguity is discussed and resolved in decision making (schien, 1992). Mainly in complex engineering time becomes a very important decision factor so that highly time urgent culture is very important in organisation. Management should consider the importance of culture in any operation. Leadership styles: Leadership style adopted by the management is very crucial in managing complex engineering operation. As Kurt Lewin suggested, there are three major styles of leaderships Authoritarian or autocratic Participative or democratic Delegative or Free Reign In the case of any complex engineering operations, Participative leadership should be the first choice among the management wherein the leaders include one or more of their employees in the decision making process. By doing so, the leaders eventually gain the respect of their employees thus leading to a mutual benefit among them (Robert N, L Christopher F, A, .2010). Leadership is activity of mobilizing people to understand adaptive challenges which cannot be resolved by expert knowledge and daily management. To motivate the people who are working under you is very important in leadership. Motivation plays vital role to boost the confidence of the employee to do challenging task and also gave energy to perform their task better. As complex problems contain multiple system which includes technical analysis, to handle this type of project requires capacity of individual to skilful intervene in complex system. So that adopting proper Leadership approach is very important in organisation to handle any project. CONCLUSION Hence we conclude that there was strong need for leadership in NASA that would have been capable of organisational change. Its culture has always reflected self interested decisions.   NASA would have to flatten its organisational hierarchy; it should be going for rather than having a bureaucratic organisation. There should be a mechanism in place where engineers should be able to bypass the bureaucracy and hierarchy, especially in the pre launch process. There words and ideas should also be respected and given some credence by the upper management.    NASA would have collaborate rather than contracting , its shuttle development and maintenance programs are outsourced to contractors , but it necessary for NASA to form a production and delivery oriented relationships with their subsystem contractors for a better future  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   . There should be a collaborative model of interaction.    NASA is still suffering from technical incompetences and narcissistic management, it has to make an overhaul change in its organisation for its best interests.   It is essential for NASA to be able to use its resources as efficiently as possible to effectively develop, explore and promote space. References: Gabriel,Y., 2007. Leadership and Organizations. University of London press publication Guthrie,R.,2005.The Columbia Disaster: Culture, Communication and change, Journal of cases on Information technology, [Online], 7(3) Available at http://www.infosci-journals.com [Accessed 20 Jan 2010] Moorhead,G.,1991.Group think Fiascoes Continues: Space Shuttle Challenger,available at http://ils.unc.edu/~bwilder/inls500/challengerarticle.pdf Janis,I.L.,1986.Group think,(2nd edition). Boston: Houghton. Mifflin Publication Seth A.R. Todd L.P.,2006. Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly,Volume 17, Issue 6,[Online], Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 18 Jan 2010] Bella, D.A., 1987. Organizational Systems and the Burden of Proof. Thomson Publishing Challenger Disaster A NASA Tragedy.[Online]. available at http://space.about.com/cs/challenger/a/challenger.htm [accessed 23 Jan 2010] Deborah, B.,2006.Leadership Communication. NewYork:Tata Mc Graw Hill Publication Deborah,B.,2006.Strong communication skills a must for todays leaders.[online]Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com [accessed 18 jan 2010] Robert.N,L Christopher F.A.,2010.Leadership Theory,Application Skill Development.4th edition. Strategic Leadership and Decision Making.[Online] available at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.html [accessed 15 jan 2010] William H.S, Moshe F.,2005.Organization at the limit lessons from the Columbia Disaster, Blackwell Publishing Sharon D.P.,2005.Leadership can be taught : a bold approach for a complex world. Harvard business school publishing

Strategic Management and Swot Analysis

Contents: I. INTRODUCTION a. Brand Extension for L’OREAL II. LITERATURE REVIEW a. Ansoff Matrix b. SWOT Analysis c. BCG Matrix III. REFLECTIVE STATEMENT IV. REFERENCES Brand Extension for L’OREAL Brand extension takes place whenever a company wants to enter a new market by using the name of one of its existing brands, rather than using a new one. Especially the luxury sector takes advantage of its well-known brand names when it comes to launching new products into new markets (Kapferer, 2008, p. 295).The popularity of brand extension strategy is due to the belief that it leads to higher consumer trial than the use of a new brand name because of the awareness levels of the brand name being leveraged (Keller, 2003, p. 582). L’Oreal as a global brand is known for high quality cosmetic goods like make-up and hair care products for women, men and kids. Its mission â€Å"Beauty for all† connects with the company’s slogan â€Å"Because you're worth itâ₠¬ , which is used in nearly every single L’Oreal advertisement.To identify all the different products of the brand’s portfolio they utilize the same logo for all of their goods by adapting to the specific field (L’Oreal homepage, 2012). Considering L’Oreal’s image of good appearance we decided to extend the brand by entering a new market with a new product. The diversification L’Oreal shoes should be placed in the customer products area with a target group of professional women. The leather shoes should be available for middle to high income consumers. Though the price is affordable for this group of customers the quality is still high.With this strategy we want to cover the needs of the existing customers and reach out for new potential clients. On one hand we intend to increase our sales and profits; on the other hand we use the good reputation of L’Oreal to get our new product connected to the values of the umbrella brand. To make sure that we created a new logo keeping the traditional L’Oreal letters with a reference to the shoe sector as shown in (image 1). Meanwhile, we forecast that L’Oreal shoes can strengthen the global brand in future.Image 1: Traditional L’Oreal letters mentioning the new sector Brief Literature Review Before putting theory into practice every company needs to consider its internal and external situation. In this part, three marketing theories will be applied to L’OREAL. These are: The Ansoff matrix, the SWOT analysis and the BCG matrix. Ansoff matrix is a model that helps firms to outline the range of marketing options open to them (Riley, 2012). L’Oreal shoes classified as a diversification was made according to the Ansoff matrix.A diversification is described as a new product for a new market. L’Oreal added shoes to its existing product range, left the skin and hair care market and entered the new footwear area. Image 2: Ansoff matrix With the SWOT Analysis we could discover our strengths and weaknesses, and identify both the opportunities and the threats for L’Oreal. In other words, as Renault stated â€Å"A SWOT is to reveal positive forces that work together and potential problems that need to be addressed or at least recognized†.Comparing the strengths to the weaknesses for L’Oreal shoes we have to mention that the variety of suppliers and the competitive quality price relation of the product overweight the missing expertise in the shoe sector. The opportunity of using the strong image of L’Oreal and the fact that there are no other middle price shoes in our own umbrella brand product range can be used to attract new customers. Taking into account that the economic situation has changed and people are not willing to spend as much as they did before the recession took place (Price, 2012).Using the BCG Matrix a company can recognize if a product is profitable or not. It can be helpful if a company has to decide whether investing additional resources in a certain product or services. There are four categories developed to the relative market share and market growth rate: star, cash cow, poor dog, question mark (Lu ; Zhao, 2006). A star is a product with a high market share and a high market growth rate. With this kind of product the company gains revenue. Therefore, a star can be used to support weaker sectors. These products with a low market growth rate and a low market share are called poor dogs.Cash cows are well-established with a high market share but as the market growth rate is low the company has to be aware of limited opportunities. Those limitations do not exist for question marks as they are located in high growth markets with a low market share. These unknown new products like L’oreal shoes do have the potential to establish and become stars or even cash cows. In future they could be able to promote weaker sectors and create a trade-off (Lu ; Zah o, 2006) ;;; I found another website to reference these two paragraphs From which website did you get this?! gt;;;; According to the Internet Center for Management and Business Administration (2012) the BSG matrix is limited. The different products in a company’s portfolio cannot be taken as independent; they are related to each other. This has to be taken into consideration when it comes to the question whether you keep or you eliminate a product. Reflective Statement To develop the topic we firstly did some research about the definition of brand extension and L’Oreal as a company.We discovered that creating a brand extension for L’Oreal is a difficult task as the umbrella brand already covers a lot of sectors in the beauty and care area. We thought about a product that would fit into the enterprise’s image of beauty and decided to choose shoes for middle-aged professional women. We looked into several marketing theories to support our decision such as t he SWOT analysis, Ansoff matrix, and the BCG matrix. However, we discovered that The SWOT analysis is the most helpful theory for our research.Since L’OREAL shoes classified as diversification, the SWOT analysis helped us to discover our brand’s current strengths and weaknesses; as well as the potential opportunities and threats that we might find in the future. This made it easier for us to set our brand’s short term and long term goals. References: Collett, S. (1999). Business Planning, E-journal of SWOT Analysis, 33(29), 58. Retrieved November 05, 2012, from http://jr3tv3gd5w. search. serialssolutions. com/ Hussey, D. (1999). Strategic Change, E-journal of Igor Ansoff's Continuing Contribution to Strategic Management, 8(7), 05.Retrieved November 06, 2012, from http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1099-1697(199911)8:7%3C375::AID-JSC462%3E3. 0. CO;2-U/pdf Kapferer, J. N. (2008). The New Strategic Brand Management: Advanced Insights and Strategic Thinking. London: Kogan Page. Keller, Kevin L. (2003). Strategic Brand Management. (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lu, H. & Zhao, L. (2006). INTEGRATING GIS AND BCG MODEL FOR MARKETING STRATEGIC PLANNING. 14(18), 02-04. Retrieved November 06, 2012, from http://iceb. nccu. edu. tw/proceedings/APDSI/2006/718-725. df Price, E. (2012). A reduction in European over-consumption will be undone by any Eurozone solution. Retrieved November 01, 2012, from http://blogs. lse. ac. uk/europpblog/2012/07/23/eurozone-over-consumption/ Riley, J. (2012). Ansoff Matrix. Retrieved November 07, 2012, from http://www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix. htm Renault, V. (n. d. ). SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Retrieved November 08, 2012, from http://ctb. ku. edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1049. aspx